Standards & certification

The cluster passed a hard triage: institutions and schemes without a measurement behind them were exempted; the four subjects that survive each carry a real method. A biodegradability standard does not measure a property of the material — it measures a material-plus-environment pair, and the mineralisation percentage belongs to both. A bio-content claim rests on two instruments that cannot replace each other: radiocarbon counting and mass-balance bookkeeping with its fraud surface. LCA is honest only when its data choices — above all the allocation rule — are visible. Soil health certification is a bundle of proxies inside a sampling design.

Start with biodegradability standardization and testing: the conditionality of the measurement is shown there on the clearest example.