Knowledge graph
Feedstocks, regulations, organisms, clusters and ecosystem services linked by typed relations, each backed by sources and an evidence grade.Feedstock 35
| Name | Type | Relation | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biogenic CO2 from ethanol plants High-purity fermentation CO2 from corn/sugarcane ethanol plants; ~120 US ethanol plants already capture or plan to capture it (Ethanol Producer Magazine 2024) for food-grade use, CCUS and e-fuels. | co2 · US Corn Belt, Brazil, EU | – | R |
| Blood meal Dried slaughterhouse blood rendered to high-protein (80-90%) meal; used in feed formulations and organic fertilizer, with biogas/protein-recovery routes emerging. | animal-byproducts · US, China, Brazil, EU, Australia | – | R |
| Camelina (false flax) oil Low-input rotation oilseed (Brassicaceae) with high oil content; USDA-ARS and Navy/CAAFI programs developed it as a jet-fuel rotation crop in the US Pacific Northwest and Montana. | oils-fats · US (Montana, Pacific Northwest), Canada, EU (rotational trials) | – | V |
| CO2 point-source (industrial flue gas) Concentrated CO2 streams from ethanol fermenters, cement, ammonia and power plants; feedstock for gas fermentation (CO/H2/CO2) and e-fuel synthesis. | co2 · US Corn Belt (ethanol), China, EU (cement/ammonia hubs), Middle East | – | R |
| Corn starch (maize starch) Starch extracted from maize kernels by wet milling; the dominant 1G feedstock for US fuel ethanol, bioplastics (PLA) and fermentation platforms. | sugar-starch · US, China, Brazil, EU |
| R |
| Corn stover Stalks, leaves and cobs left after maize grain harvest; the largest single agricultural residue stream in the US Corn Belt and a model feedstock for commercial cellulosic ethanol (e.g., DuPont Nevada, POET-DSM). | lignocellulose · US (Corn Belt), China, Brazil, EU | – | R |
| Crude glycerol (biodiesel co-product) Glycerol-rich co-product (~10 wt%) of transesterification biodiesel production; platform chemical and fermentation substrate (1,3-PDO, SCP) in oversupply since the biodiesel boom. | waste-msw · US, EU, Indonesia, Brazil, China | – | R |
| Direct-air-captured CO2 Atmospheric CO2 captured by solid/liquid DAC systems (Climeworks Mammoth, 1PointFive Stratos, Heirloom); ultra-clean feedstock for e-fuels and synthetic biology carbon routes. | co2 · Iceland (Climeworks), US (Texas, California), Canada, Switzerland | – | R |
| Feather meal Hydrolyzed poultry feathers, a keratin-rich protein byproduct of slaughter (millions of tonnes/yr globally); feed ingredient and biostimulant feedstock. | animal-byproducts · China, US, Brazil, EU | – | R |
| Fish trimmings / fisheries byproducts Heads, frames, skin and viscera from fish processing; raw material for fishmeal/fish oil, silage, and increasingly for protein hydrolysates and omega-3 recovery. | animal-byproducts · Chile, Peru, Norway, China, Iceland | – | R |
| Food waste (kitchen/retail organics) Pre- and post-consumer food losses from households, retail and food service; US generates ~40% of the food supply as loss/waste (USDA-ERS), a priority AD and upcycling substrate. | waste-msw · US, China, EU, Japan (food-recycling law) | – | R |
| Forest residues (logging slash) Tops, branches and cull trees left after timber harvesting, plus thinnings; primary woody biomass used for wood chips, pellets and second-generation fuels. | lignocellulose · Sweden, Finland, Canada, US Pacific Northwest, Russia | – | R |
| Industrial hemp (biomass/straw) Low-THC Cannabis sativa grown for fiber, hurd and seed; dual-purpose lignocellulosic crop under expanding legal frameworks (US 2018 Farm Bill, EU, China largest producer). | dedicated-crop · China, France, Canada, US, Russia | – | R |
| Methane / biogas Anaerobic-digestion gas (60-70% CH4) from manure, sludge, OFMSW and crops; upgraded to biomethane (bio-CNG/LNG) or used for CHP. | gas · Germany, China, US, Denmark, India |
| R |
| Microalgae (native strains) Photosynthetic unicellular algae (Chlorella, Spirulina, Nannochloropsis) cultivated in open ponds/photobioreactors for protein, omega-3, pigments and fuels. | algae · China, India, US (Hawaii, New Mexico), Israel, Japan | – | V |
| Municipal solid waste — organic fraction (OFMSW) Sorted biodegradable fraction of household/commercial MSW (food, yard, paper); standardized substrate for AD and emerging gasification-to-fuels. | waste-msw · EU (Germany, Italy, Spain), China, US, India |
| R |
| Municipal wood waste Post-consumer and construction-and-demolition wood from municipal streams (pallets, furniture, C&D timber), sorted for recycling, energy or upgrading. | lignocellulose · EU, US, Japan, South Korea | – | R |
| Natural gas (methane, as fermentation feedstock) Fossil methane used as carbon/energy source for single-cell protein (e.g., UniBead/Calysta-style gas fermentation) and methanotroph platforms. | gas · US, Russia, Qatar, Norway, China |
| R |
| Palm oil Edible oil from oil-palm fruit; world's largest vegetable-oil output, used in oleochemistry, FAME biodiesel and HEFA where sustainability criteria (RSPO/ISPO, RED) permit. | oils-fats · Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Nigeria |
| R |
| Poplar SRC (short-rotation coppice) Fast-growing poplar/willow plantations harvested on 2-5 year cycles for woody biomass; energy-forest model across EU, North America and China. | dedicated-crop · EU (Sweden, Italy, Poland), US, China, Canada | – | R |
| Potato starch Starch from potato tubers and potato-processing side streams (peels, rejects); feedstock for biodegradable films, fermentation and regional ethanol. | sugar-starch · EU (Netherlands, Germany, Poland), China, Russia | – | R |
| Rapeseed / canola oil Oil pressed from brassica seeds; Europe's main domestically grown biodiesel feedstock and a key food/canola-oil crop in Canada and China. | oils-fats · EU (Germany, France), Canada, China, India, Australia |
| R |
| Seaweed / macroalgae Marine macroalgae (saccharina, porphyra, gracilaria) farmed at million-tonne scale; feed, food, hydrocolloids and emerging biofuels/biostimulants. China and Indonesia supply ~2/3 of world output (FAO SOFIA 2024: seaweed ~35 Mt wet). | algae · China, Indonesia, South Korea, Japan, Philippines | – | R |
| Soybean oil Vegetable oil from soybeans; the largest US biodiesel and renewable-diesel feedstock, co-product of soy-meal protein crushing. | oils-fats · US, Brazil, Argentina, China (imports) | – | R |
| Steel-mill off-gas (BFG/BOF/COG) CO-rich blast-furnace, basic-oxygen-furnace and coke-oven gases; converted to ethanol by acetogenic gas fermentation at commercial scale (ArcelorMittal Gent Steelanol with LanzaTech, 80M L/yr from 2023; also LanzaTech-Shougang in China). | gas · Belgium (ArcelorMittal Gent), China (Shougang, Capital Steel), India (Tata Steel trials), Japan |
| V |
| Sugarcane bagasse Fibrous residue of sugarcane after crushing, burned for cogen energy at mills and emerging as a cellulosic-ethanol substrate; Brazil and India dominate supply. | lignocellulose · Brazil, India, Thailand, China (Guangxi) |
| R |
| Sugarcane juice / sucrose Soluble sugar from pressed sugarcane; Brazil's primary ethanol feedstock via direct juice fermentation and the anchor of sugar-platform biorefining. | sugar-starch · Brazil, India, Thailand, China | – | R |
| Switchgrass / miscanthus (perennial grasses) High-yielding perennial C4 grasses bred for lignocellulosic biomass on marginal land; flagship US (switchgrass) and EU (miscanthus) energy crops. | dedicated-crop · US, EU (UK, Germany, France), China | – | R |
| Syngas (gasification producer gas) H2/CO-rich gas produced by gasifying biomass, MSW or agricultural residues; platform intermediate for thermochemical and biological upgrading. | gas · US, EU, Japan, China | – | R |
| Tallow / animal fats Rendered fat from ruminants and other livestock slaughter; Category-3 animal-byproduct fat widely used in oleochemistry and as a biofuel (FAME/HEFA) feedstock. | oils-fats · US, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, EU |
| R |
| Used cooking oil (UCO) Post-consumer/restaurant waste fats and oils collected for recycling; the principal advanced-biodiesel and HVO/SAF feedstock, with China a top exporter to the EU/US. | oils-fats · China, US, EU (Netherlands, Germany), Indonesia, Malaysia |
| R |
| Wastewater sludge (sewage sludge) Primary/secondary sludge from municipal wastewater treatment; digested for biogas and energy recovery, with biosolids reuse or incineration downstream. | waste-msw · China, EU, US, Japan | – | R |
| Wheat grain Cereal grain used as starch/sugar platform for fuel ethanol and fermentation where policy allows (e.g., EU/UK wheat ethanol plants, Russian grain biotech hubs). | sugar-starch · EU (France, Germany), UK, Russia, Ukraine, China | – | R |
| Wheat straw Cereal residue (stalks, leaves, ears) left on the field after wheat harvest; a leading agricultural lignocellulosic residue traded internationally (HS 12.13). | lignocellulose · China, India, EU (France, Germany), Russia, Canada, US | – | R |
| Whey / whey permeate (dairy side-stream) Lactose-rich liquid co-product of cheese and whey-protein production; classical substrate for ethanol, SCP and lacto-fermentation (Ireland's Carbery model). | waste-msw · Ireland, New Zealand, US (Wisconsin), EU (Netherlands, Germany) | – | R |
Regulation 49
| Name | Type | Relation | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gene Technology Act 2000 / OGTR framework Gene Technology Act 2000 (Cth) Australian gene technology scheme administered by the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, the national counterpart framework for GM and novel breeding technologies. | AU · national-law · in-force · 2001 | – | R |
| National Reconstruction Fund - medical manufacturing vertical National Reconstruction Fund Corporation Act 2023 (Cth) NRF Corporation Act 2023 creates the investment vehicle with a dedicated medical-manufacturing allocation supporting domestic biomanufacturing per repo facts. | AU · national-law · in-force · 2024 | – | R |
| Brazilian Biosafety Law 11.105/2005 (CTNBio framework) Lei 11.105/2005 Statute creating CTNBio and the approval regime for GMOs and derived products in Brazil. | BR · national-law · in-force · 2005-03-24 | – | L |
| Decreto 12.044/2024 - National Biotechnology Strategy (ENB) Decreto 12.044/2024 Federal decree instituting the Brazilian National Biotechnology Strategy per repo facts; mapped to all 47 frames. | BR · policy-plan · in-force · 2024 | – | R |
| Planaveg 2025-2028 - National Plan for Recovery of Native Vegetation null — no CELEX (non-EU instrument or in-flight draft; official reference in src) Brazilian national plan setting native-vegetation recovery targets and instruments for 2025-2028 per repo facts. | BR · policy-plan · adopted · 2025 | – | R |
| 14th Five-Year Plan for Bioeconomy Development (十四五生物经济发展规划) 发改高技〔2021〕1850号 NDRC plan positioning the bioeconomy as a national strategic pillar for the 14th Five-Year period (publicly released 2022-05); mapped to all 47 frames per repo facts. | CN · policy-plan · adopted · 2021-12 | – | R |
| 15th Five-Year Plan outline - bioeconomy provisions (十五五纲要) null — no CELEX (non-EU instrument or in-flight draft; official reference in src) 15th Five-Year Plan outline (2026) carries bioeconomy provisions per repo facts; mapped to all 47 frames. | CN · policy-plan · adopted · 2026 | – | R |
| Regulation on Safety of Agricultural GMOs (农业转基因生物安全管理条例) State Council Decree No. 304 State Council administrative regulation (Decree No. 304) governing safety assessment, production permits, imports and labeling of agricultural GMOs. | CN · national-law · in-force · 2001 | – | L |
| PRC Biosecurity Law (中华人民共和国生物安全法) 中华人民共和国生物安全法 Statutory PRC biosecurity regime covering biotechnology safety, pathogen lab management, biosecurity review and prevention of biological threats. | CN · national-law · in-force · 2021-04-15 | – | R |
| Seed Industry Revitalization Action Plan (种业振兴行动方案) null — no CELEX (non-EU instrument or in-flight draft; official reference in src) 2021 action plan for seed-industry revitalization covering germplasm resource protection, breeding innovation and intellectual-property enforcement. | CN · policy-plan · adopted · 2021-07 | – | R |
| ATMP Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 CELEX 32007R1394 EU marketing-authorisation framework for advanced therapy medicinal products: gene therapy, somatic cell therapy and tissue-engineered products. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2007-12-30 | – | L |
| Biocidal Products Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 CELEX 32012R0528 EU approval regime for biocidal products and active substances, covering disinfectants, preservatives and pest-control agents. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2013-09-01 | – | L |
| EU Bioeconomy Strategy COM(2025) COM(2025) EU Bioeconomy Strategy adopted 2025-11-27 per repo facts; cross-cutting framework mapped to all 47 industry frames. | EU · policy-plan · adopted · 2025-11-27 | – | R |
| EU Biotech Act I (healthcare and strategic projects) null — no CELEX (non-EU instrument or in-flight draft; official reference in src) Adopted first pillar of the EU Biotech Act introducing strategic-project mechanisms with a healthcare focus (industry mapping inferred). | EU · regulation · adopted · 2026 | – | R |
| EU Biotech Act II (industrial biotech and biomanufacturing) null — no CELEX (non-EU instrument or in-flight draft; official reference in src) Draft 2026 second pillar of the EU Biotech Act focused on industrial biotechnology and biomanufacturing; call for evidence opened 2026-05 per repo facts. | EU · regulation · draft |
| R |
| Circular Bio-based Europe Joint Undertaking (CBE JU) - Council Regulation (EU) 2021/784 CELEX 32021R0784 Establishes CBE JU with about EUR 2 billion under Horizon Europe (successor to BBI JU), the main EU public-private funding vehicle for biorefining and bio-based materials. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2021-04-28 | – | R |
| EU Deforestation Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 (EUDR) CELEX 32023R1115 Deforestation-free due diligence for cattle, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, rubber, soy and wood in EU supply chains; application deferred to 2025-12-30 for large operators. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2023-06-29 | – | R |
| Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on GM food and feed CELEX 32003R1829 EU authorisation and labelling regime for GM food and feed, including the 0.9% adventitious-presence labelling threshold. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2004-04-18 | – | L |
| Directive 2001/18/EC on deliberate release of GMOs CELEX 32001L0018 Baseline EU regime for environmental release and placing on the market of GMOs, against which the NGT framework is layered. | EU · directive · in-force · 2002-10-17 | – | L |
| New Genomic Techniques Regulation (EU) 2026/1388 CELEX 32026R1388 EU framework for plants obtained by targeted mutagenesis and cisgenesis, creating a distinct regulatory track for qualifying NGT plants alongside the classic GMO regime. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2026 |
| R |
| Novel Foods Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 CELEX 32015R2283 Pre-market authorisation and Union list for novel foods; the EU gateway for fermentation-derived, insect-derived and new plant-based ingredients. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2016-01-01 | – | L |
| Organic Production Regulation (EU) 2018/848 CELEX 32018R0848 EU organic production and labelling regime, including rules on organic seed and propagating material relevant to breeding supply chains. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2022-01-01 | – | L |
| Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (EU) 2025/40 (PPWR) CELEX 32025R0040 EU packaging regulation with recyclability and recycled-content targets creating openings for bio-based packaging materials. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2025-02-11 | – | L |
| REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 CELEX 32006R1907 EU registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction regime for chemical substances, conditioning bio-based chemicals, dyes and packaging materials. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2007-06-01 |
| R |
| ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation (EU) 2023/2405 CELEX 32023R2405 SAF blending mandates at EU airports from 2% in 2025 rising toward 2050; the core EU demand-pull instrument for sustainable aviation fuel and biorefining. | EU · regulation · in-force · 2023-10-18 |
| R |
| EU Taxonomy Regulation (EU) 2020/852 CELEX 32020R0852 Classification system for environmentally sustainable economic activities steering EU sustainable finance; bio-sector mapping inferred (repo fact gives no arrow mapping). | EU · regulation · in-force · 2020-07-12 | – | R |
| India BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) null — no CELEX (non-EU instrument or in-flight draft; official reference in src) Union Cabinet-approved 2024 policy prioritizing bio-based manufacturing, biofoundries and AI-enabled biology. | other · policy-plan · adopted · 2024-08 | – | R |
| Biological Weapons Convention BWC 1972 Foundational treaty prohibiting biological and toxin weapons; anchor of the international biosecurity regime. | international · regulation · in-force · 1975-03-26 | – | L |
| Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety CBD Cartagena Protocol CBD protocol governing transboundary movement of living modified organisms via the advance informed agreement procedure; binding treaty typed regulation under the closed enum. | international · regulation · in-force · 2003-09-11 | – | R |
| Codex Alimentarius (FAO/WHO) Codex Alimentarius Joint FAO/WHO food standards, guidelines and codes of practice; the international reference for food safety, ingredient specifications and contaminant limits. | international · standard · in-force · 1963 | – | R |
| ICH Q7 - Good Manufacturing Practice for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ICH Q7 ICH GMP guideline for APIs including those derived by fermentation and cell culture; adopted into EU/US/JP regulatory practice. | international · standard · in-force · 2000-11 |
| R |
| ISCC certification schemes (ISCC EU / ISCC PLUS) ISCC EU; ISCC PLUS Sustainability and GHG certification for biomass, biofuel and circular feedstocks, recognized under RED II/RED III as a voluntary scheme. | international · certification · in-force · 2010 | – | R |
| Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing CBD Nagoya Protocol CBD protocol requiring fair benefit-sharing from genetic resources and traditional knowledge, driving ABS compliance in botanical sourcing and breeding; binding treaty typed regulation under the closed enum. | international · regulation · in-force · 2014-10-12 |
| R |
| RSB (Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials) standards RSB-STD Sustainability certification including the RSB SAF standard used by fuel producers and airlines; ICAO-recognized CORSIA-eligible scheme (industry mapping inferred). | international · certification · in-force | – | R |
| Verra Nature Framework v1.0 Verra Nature Framework v1.0 Verra framework for nature and biodiversity credit projects, published 2024-10 with certification opening 2025-11 per repo facts. | international · certification · in-force · 2025-11 |
| R |
| WHO Good Distribution Practices for pharmaceutical products WHO TRS (GDP) WHO good distribution practice baseline for the pharmaceutical supply chain, including cold-chain temperature control. | international · standard · in-force | – | R |
| WHO Pandemic Agreement WHO Pandemic Agreement (2025) WHO instrument adopted 2025-05-20 on pandemic prevention and response, including pathogen access and benefit-sharing (PABS annex pending ratifications). | international · regulation · adopted · 2025-05-20 | – | L |
| Japan Bioeconomy Strategy (2024) null — no CELEX (non-EU instrument or in-flight draft; official reference in src) Cabinet/council decision of 2024-06-03 updating the Japanese bioeconomy strategy per repo facts. | other · policy-plan · adopted · 2024-06-03 | – | R |
| Korea National Bio Innovation Committee governance framework null — no CELEX (non-EU instrument or in-flight draft; official reference in src) Korean governance framework organized under the National Bio Innovation Committee in 2026-04 per repo facts (industry mapping inferred). | other · policy-plan · adopted · 2026-04 | – | R |
| UK Biological Security Strategy null — no CELEX (non-EU instrument or in-flight draft; official reference in src) UK strategy published June 2023 to prevent, detect and respond to biological threats across human, animal and plant health. | UK · policy-plan · adopted · 2023-06 | – | R |
| Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act 2023 2023 c. 6 England-only framework taking precision-bred organisms that carry no transgenic DNA outside the GMO marketing regime, with implementing regulations to follow. | UK · national-law · in-force · 2023-03-23 | – | R |
| USDA APHIS SECURE Rule (7 CFR Part 340) 7 CFR Part 340 USDA APHIS 2020 modernization of plant-pest regulations, exempting certain gene-edited plants that could otherwise have been developed through conventional breeding. | US · regulation · in-force · 2020 | – | L |
| US Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology 51 FR 23302 (1986); 82 FR 33402 (2017) Product-based US oversight allocation across USDA, EPA and FDA, established 1986 and updated 2017. | US · policy-plan · in-force · 1986 | – | L |
| Executive Order 14081 - Advancing Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Innovation EO 14081 Launched the US National Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Initiative with whole-of-government biomanufacturing targets; rescinded by EO 14236 (2025-03). | US · executive-order · rescinded · 2022-09-12 | – | R |
| Executive Order 14236 - rescission of EO 14081 EO 14236 March 2025 executive order rescinding EO 14081 and winding down the federal biomanufacturing initiative it created, per repo facts. | US · executive-order · in-force · 2025-03 | – | R |
| US biosecurity Executive Order (2025-05-08) EO 2025-05-08 US executive order of 2025-05-08 on biosecurity per repo facts, addressing oversight and risk controls for biological research. | US · executive-order · in-force · 2025-05-08 | – | R |
| EPA Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) 40 CFR Part 80; CAA 211(o) Clean Air Act Section 211(o) program with annual Renewable Volume Obligations and RIN credits; created by EPAct 2005, expanded by EISA 2007; the main US demand driver for renewable diesel and SAF. | US · regulation · in-force · 2005 | – | R |
| NDAA FY2026 biotechnology provisions NDAA FY2026 FY2026 National Defense Authorization Act (December 2025) carries biotech provisions implementing 12+ NSCEB recommendations including a National Biotech Coordination structure, per repo facts. | US · national-law · in-force · 2025-12 |
| R |
| USDA BioPreferred Program 7 CFR Part 3201 US federal procurement preference and voluntary USDA Certified Biobased Product label for biobased content, grounded in the 2002 Farm Bill Section 9002. | US · certification · in-force · 2002 | – | R |
Organism 35
| Name | Type | Relation | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spirulina (Arthrospira) Limnospira platensis (syn. Arthrospira platensis) | algal | – | V |
| Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus oryzae | yeast-fungal | – | V |
| Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis | bacterial-chassis | – | V |
| BHK-21 Mesocricetus auratus (BHK-21 cell line) | mammalian-cell-line | – | V |
| camelina (false flax) Camelina sativa | plant | – | V |
| CRISPR-Cas9 Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) | enzyme-class | – | V |
| cellulases Trichoderma reesei cellulase complex | enzyme-class | – | V |
| Chlorella Chlorella spp. | algal | – | V |
| CHO cells Cricetulus griseus (CHO cell lines) | mammalian-cell-line | – | V |
| Clostridium autoethanogenum Clostridium autoethanogenum | bacterial-chassis | – | V |
| Corynebacterium glutamicum Corynebacterium glutamicum | bacterial-chassis | – | V |
| Escherichia coli Escherichia coli | bacterial-chassis | – | V |
| Fusarium venenatum (Quorn mycoprotein) Fusarium venenatum | yeast-fungal | – | V |
| soybean Glycine max | plant | – | V |
| Haematococcus pluvialis Haematococcus lacustris (syn. H. pluvialis) | algal | – | V |
| HEK293 Homo sapiens (HEK293/293T cell lines) | mammalian-cell-line | – | V |
| black soldier fly Hermetia illucens | insect | – | V |
| human induced pluripotent stem cells Homo sapiens (hiPSC lines) | mammalian-cell-line | – | V |
| Pichia pastoris / Komagataella phaffii Komagataella phaffii (syn. Pichia pastoris) | yeast-fungal | – | V |
| laccases Trametes versicolor laccase | enzyme-class | – | V |
| lipases Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) | enzyme-class | – | V |
| Mortierella alpina Mortierella alpina | yeast-fungal | – | V |
| Nannochloropsis Nannochloropsis spp. | algal | – | V |
| Nicotiana benthamiana Nicotiana benthamiana | plant | – | V |
| nitrogenase Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase (NifDK/NifH) | enzyme-class | – | V |
| phage cocktails polyvalent bacteriophage mixtures (polyphyletic) | phage | – | L |
| Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonas putida | bacterial-chassis | – | V |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's/brewer's yeast) Saccharomyces cerevisiae | yeast-fungal | – | V |
| Streptomyces spp. Streptomyces spp. | bacterial-chassis | – | V |
| T4 phage Enterobacteria phage T4 | phage | – | V |
| Taq polymerase Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase I | enzyme-class | – | V |
| yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor | insect | – | V |
| Vero cells Chlorocebus sabaeus (Vero cell line) | mammalian-cell-line | – | V |
| Yarrowia lipolytica Yarrowia lipolytica | yeast-fungal | – | V |
| maize / corn Zea mays | plant | – | V |
Cluster 28
| Name | Type | Relation | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| BioEast initiative — Moravia cluster (CZ) Czechia's regional-cluster variant inside National RIS3 smart-specialisation | regional-cluster · CZ/CEE | – | R |
| BiOrbic — Bioeconomy Research Ireland Centre Ireland's national bioeconomy research centre (GBS co-org) | research-institute · IE | – | R |
| BioRural — European Rural Bioeconomy Network 550+ stakeholders; small-scale rural bio-solutions toolkit; White Paper on EU strategy consultation (2025-08) | eu-network · EU | – | R |
| CAS SIAT / Shanghai biofoundry programs Chinese Academy of Sciences biofoundry-capacity programs | biofoundry · CN | – | R |
| Catalonia Bioeconomy Hub (BioHubCat) regional bioeconomy hub (GBS co-org) | regional-cluster · ES | – | R |
| CENIBiot (Costa Rica) national biotechnology institute anchoring green+blue bioeconomy sectors | research-institute · CR | – | R |
| Cluster SPRING — Italian Circular Bioeconomy Cluster national circular-bioeconomy cluster (GBS co-org) | regional-cluster · IT | – | R |
| CSIR-Ghana institutes public research system for biotech crops, with National Biosafety Authority | research-institute · GH | – | R |
| DBFZ — Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum biomass research centre (GBS co-org) | research-institute · DE | – | R |
| Agile BioFoundry (US DOE) DOE-funded biodesign/biomanufacturing infrastructure consortium | biofoundry · US | – | R |
| EFI Bioregions Facility (European Forest Institute) regional bioeconomy monitoring hub; per-region factsheets (our playbook format) | eu-network · EU multi-region | – | V |
| Embrapa — Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Brazil's agricultural research system (GBS WS1 co-org) | research-institute · BR | – | R |
| European Bioeconomy University (EBU) alliance of European universities with bioeconomy education/skills mandate (GBS WS17 co-org) | eu-network · EU | – | R |
| IBISBA EU industrial-biotechnology research infrastructure (GBS co-org) | research-institute · EU | – | R |
| ICABR — International Consortium on Applied Bioeconomy Research applied bioeconomics research network (GBS co-org) | eu-network · international | – | R |
| icipe — International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology insect science incl. insect-protein/BSF axis (GBS co-org) | research-institute · KE | – | R |
| International Bioeconomy Forum (IBF, 3 working groups) inter-governmental bioeconomy policy forum: biorefineries WG, forest WG (GBS co-org) | eu-network · international | – | R |
| IUNG — Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (PL) carries Poland's bioeconomy reporting within RPW frameworks | research-institute · PL | – | R |
| Korean National Biofoundry national biofoundry program (MSIT line) | biofoundry · KR | – | R |
| Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB) agri-engineering/bioeconomy institute (GBS co-org) | research-institute · DE | – | R |
| Luxinnovation clusters (LU) national innovation-agency cluster model carrying bioresources/biotech within circular-economy strategy | regional-cluster · LU | – | R |
| NSF National Biofoundry Network (incl. iBioFoundry, UIUC) public national biofoundry network; $1.5B X-Labs with Ginkgo access | biofoundry · US | – | R |
| Paris Biofoundry (France) French public biofoundry | biofoundry · FR | – | R |
| Queensland–Germany Bioeconomy Collaborative Science Program state-level bilateral bioeconomy R&D program | regional-cluster · AU/DE | – | R |
| Rheinisches Revier (DE lignite structural-change region) lignite-phase-out bioeconomy transformation region | regional-cluster · DE | – | R |
| SynCTI (Singapore) Singapore synthetic/foundry infrastructure | biofoundry · SG | – | R |
| Teagasc — Agriculture and Food Development Authority Irish state agri-food research authority (GBS co-org x2) | research-institute · IE | – | R |
| UK SynBiCT / London Biofoundry UK public biofoundry capacity | biofoundry · UK | – | R |
Ecosystem service 18
| Name | Type | Relation | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aesthetic and heritage values Biophilic and heritage value of species-rich landscapes and design-integrated nature, contributing to place identity and property premiums. | cultural | – | L |
| Air filtration Deposition of particulate matter (PM2.5/PM10) and uptake of gaseous pollutants by urban forest canopy, green walls and air-biofiltration systems. | regulating | – | L |
| Carbon sequestration Long-term removal and storage of atmospheric CO2 in forest biomass and soils, in BECCS value chains, and in coastal blue-carbon ecosystems (mangroves, seagrass, salt marsh). | regulating | – | L |
| Coastal storm protection Wave-energy attenuation and storm-surge buffering by mangroves, reefs, dunes and salt marshes protecting coastal assets and settlements. | regulating | – | L |
| Disease regulation Reduced transmission of vector-borne and zoonotic disease via the biodiversity-dilution effect and intact habitat configurations. | regulating | – | L |
| Flood regulation Attenuation and detention of stormwater and riverine peak flows by vegetated basins, wetlands and permeable surfaces (Copenhagen cloudburst plan, sponge-city designs). | regulating | – | L |
| Food and fibre provision (agroforestry) Joint production of food and fibre crops within agroforestry and regenerative farming systems. | provisioning | – | L |
| Forest bathing / mental health Shinrin-yoku style immersive forest visits with measured stress-reduction and mental-health outcomes, sold as wellness programmes. | cultural | – | L |
| Freshwater provision Sustained baseflow, aquifer recharge and storage supplying drinking and irrigation water from protected watersheds. | provisioning | – | L |
| Genetic resources Conserved genetic material from seed banks, gene pools and in-situ populations available for breeding and bioprospecting under Nagoya access-and-benefit-sharing. | provisioning | – | L |
| Medicinal and biochemical resources Botanical raw materials and biochemical compounds for phytomedicine and wellness products from cultivated and sustainably harvested wild sources. | provisioning | – | L |
| Pest regulation Suppression of crop pests by natural enemies under biocontrol programmes and habitat management, reducing pesticide inputs. | regulating | – | L |
| Pollination Crop and wild-plant pollination by managed and wild pollinators supported by pollinator habitat and urban pollinator infrastructure. | regulating | – | L |
| Recreation and ecotourism Nature-based leisure and wildlife tourism (birding, safari, diving) generating gate and service revenue in restored and protected landscapes. | cultural | – | L |
| Soil formation and fertility Formation of soil organic matter, nutrient cycling and aggregate stability that restore fertility under regenerative agriculture and restored sites. | regulating | – | L |
| Timber provision Sustainably harvested wood for mass-timber construction from managed or restored forest stands. | provisioning | – | L |
| Urban cooling Local air- and surface-temperature reduction through tree canopy, green corridors and evapotranspirative infrastructure in heat-stressed cities. | regulating | – | L |
| Water purification Removal of nutrients, pathogens and pollutants from municipal and agricultural effluents by constructed wetlands and biota-mediated filtration. | regulating | – | L |
Relations between other entities 56
- Cryoport Systems supplies to biologics & CGT manufacturers (cryogenic logistics) R
- Envirotainer supplies to pharma shippers (qualified container leasing) R
- Samsung Biologics supplies to biopharma clients R
- Lonza supplies to biopharma clients R
- WuXi Biologics supplies to global biotech clients R
- Ginkgo Bioworks supplies to NSF X-Labs researchers R
- NatureMetrics supplies to biodiversity credit projects (eDNA MRV) R
- Veramaris (DSM-evonik JV) supplies to aquafeed manufacturers R
- Ajinomoto supplies to food industry (amino acids) R
- Lonza competes with Samsung Biologics R
- Samsung Biologics competes with WuXi Biologics R
- WuXi Biologics competes with Catalent R
- Lonza competes with Catalent R
- Samsung Biologics competes with Catalent R
- Lonza competes with WuXi Biologics R
- Neste competes with World Energy R
- World Energy competes with Gevo R
- Neste competes with Gevo R
- Perfect Day competes with Onego Bio R
- ZinCo competes with Sempergreen R
- Sempergreen competes with Optigreen R
- Optigreen competes with LiveRoof R
- ZinCo competes with LiveRoof R
- Zoetis competes with Elanco R
- Elanco competes with Merck Animal Health R
- Merck Animal Health competes with Ceva R
- Zoetis competes with Ceva R
- Novo Holdings acquired Catalent R
- Lone Star Funds acquired Lonza divestment (sold March 2026) R
- Bansk Group acquired Phibro (PAHC) R
- Synthesis Capital invested in Perfect Day V
- Corporate VCs invested in PF Alliance member companies L
- Queensland (AU) collaborates with Germany R
- European Commission collaborates with Bio-based Industries Consortium R
- Ginkgo Bioworks (biosecurity lineage) collaborates with CDC R
- Ginkgo Bioworks collaborates with Ceres Nanosciences L
- GBA member foundries (UK, US, FR, CN, SG, KR…) collaborates with Global Biofoundry Alliance network R
- Ireland collaborates with European Union R unverified
- algal oil derived from CO2 + light R
- mycoprotein derived from glucose V
- Perimeter Systems spun out from Ginkgo Bioworks (biosecurity unit) R
- LanzaJet spun out from LanzaTech R
- Isomorphic Labs spun out from DeepMind (Alphabet) R
- Calico Life Sciences spun out from Alphabet R
- antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens pharma & biologics R
- pandemic pathogens threatens all industries (systemic risk) L
- invasive species threatens ecosystem restoration R
- PFAS contamination threatens water & soil systems R
- biosurveillance (Perimeter Systems Biothreat Radar) protects public health & biopharma R
- constructed wetlands & bio-retention protects urban water systems R
- pollinator infrastructure (bee lanes, insect hotels) protects crop protection / pollination services R
- CBE JU funds biorefining & bio-materials R
- CBE JU funds biofoundries R
- Horizon Europe Cluster 6 funds agriculture / regen-ag & natural resources R
- Japan biomanufacturing budget package (~¥1T order) funds biomanufacturing R
- COP30 Bioeconomy Challenge (Belém, 2025-11) funds restoration & biodiversity-credit markets (3-yr program, UNCTAD-led) R
Evidence
- V V - verified against the primary text
- R R - repo-attested or list-sourced
- L L - knowledge-based, not yet checked
Descriptions and notes are in English (source language); names are translated where an established Russian name exists.